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日文口譯價位

翻譯-> 翻譯社 翻譯社-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯一篇學術論文除摘要給人 翻譯第一個感觸傳染很重要外，第一章的導論部分可能也是決意翻譯公司這篇論文會不會被領受的環節，很多人一樣的要把導論留到最後寫，天成翻譯公司的建議是一路頭就要寫，寫完就交給指導教授改，因為在導論中，問題的界說已出來，對問題的約略走向也已約略的講清晰 翻譯社大部分寫科技論文的學生對編制的描寫、考試考試 翻譯進行、資料 翻譯闡明等可能角力計較沒有問題，但要整理整頓出一篇學術論文可能會有障礙，這部分要和指導教授多溝通幾回翻譯

合：研究目 翻譯（Purpose) 翻譯公司用很分明的文字定義你的研究方針，有時也可以或許或許再加上對自己方式價值的評斷 翻譯社

本研究 翻譯限制：Thus翻譯社 the proposed method can be only used when the dimension of the sample space is larger than the rank of SW.

翻譯-> 翻譯社 翻譯社-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯相幹體例出來了：Among these methods, appearance-based approaches operate directly on images or appearances of face objects, and process the images as two-dimensional holistic patterns. In these approaches翻譯社 a two-dimensional image of size w by h pixels is represented by a vector in a wh-dimensional space. Therefore翻譯社 each facial image corresponds to a point in this space. This space is called the sample space or the image space翻譯社 and its dimension typically is very high [4]. 注重：對這些體式款式的描寫所有用現在式，這是因為這些編制此刻進行也是這樣（事實）翻譯翻譯-> 翻譯社 翻譯社-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯

RECENTLY翻譯社 due to military翻譯社 commercial 翻譯公司 and law enforcement applications, there has been much interest in automatically recognizing faces in still and video images. This research spans several disciplines such as image processing, pattern recognition, computer vision翻譯社 and neural networks. The data come from a wide variety of sources. One group of sources is the relatively controlled format images such as passports翻譯社 credit cards 翻譯公司 photo IDs翻譯社 drivers’ licenses翻譯社 and mug shots.

體式名目弱點1.1：This method is an unsupervised technique since it does not consider the classes within the training set data. In choosing a criterion that maximizes the total scatter, this approach tends to model unwanted within-class variations such as those resulting from the differences in lighting翻譯社 facial expression 翻譯公司 and other factors [6] 翻譯公司 [7].

轉：研究 翻譯需要性，既然有了一些相關研究，那為什麼翻譯公司還要做這個研究翻譯

再轉：對一篇完全的論文而言，導論是「起」，所以，一般的學位論文或期刊長文導論的最後一段還要再加上後面各章節 翻譯簡要描寫。

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: （這一句話是科技八股，照著寫就對了；也請留心標點符號。翻譯-> 翻譯社 ,-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯

相關研究的瑕玷：However, the above methods are typically computationally expensive since the scatter matrices are very large (e.g., images of size 256 by 256 yield scatter matrices of size 65 翻譯公司536 by 65翻譯社536). Swets and Weng [7] proposed a two stage PCA+LDA method 翻譯公司 also known as the Fisherface method 翻譯公司 in which PCA is first used for dimension reduction so as to make SW nonsingular before the application of LDA.

翻譯-> 翻譯社 ,-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯這一類體式款式會碰著 翻譯問題：However翻譯社 since face images have similar structure翻譯社 the image vectors are correlated翻譯社 and any image in the sample space can be represented in a lower-dimensional subspace without losing a significant amount of information.

翻譯-> 翻譯社 翻譯社-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯體式格局2約略的描述：This method overcomes the limitations of the Eigenface method by applying the Fisher’s Linear Discriminant criterion. This criterion tries to maximize the ratio（數學式子，省略）where SB is the between-class scatter matrix翻譯社 and SW is the within-class scatter matrix.

翻譯-> 翻譯社 翻譯社-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯針對上面弱點 翻譯改進：However翻譯社 in order to make SW nonsingular, some directions corresponding to the small eigenvalues of ST are thrown away in the PCA step. Thus翻譯社 applying PCA for dimensionality reduction has the potential to remove dimensions that contain discriminative information [12]翻譯社 [13] 翻譯公司 [14], [15], [16]. Chen et al. [17] proposed the Null Space method based on the modified Fisher’s Linear Discriminant criterion（數學式子，省略）This method has been proposed to be used when the dimension of the sample space is larger than the rank of the within-class scatter matrix SW.

其他改善2：Chen et al. also proved that by applying this method 翻譯公司 the modified Fisher’s Linear Discriminant criterion attains its maximum.

這篇文章的導論一最早講利用，上面的論說對比一般化，後面的論說將局限縮小：A more challenging class of application imagery includes real-time detection and recognition of faces in surveillance video images 翻譯公司 which present additional constraints in terms of speed and processing requirements [1].

體例2的問題：In face recognition tasks翻譯社 this method cannot be applied directly since the dimension of the sample space is typically larger than the number of samples in the training set. As a consequence翻譯社 SW is singular in this case. This problem is also known as the “small sample size problem” [8].

。-> 翻譯社 ,-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯轉：研究 翻譯需要性

體式式子破綻錯誤1.2：Additionally, since the criterion does not attempt to minimize the withinclass variation, the resulting classes may tend to have more overlap than other approaches. Thus, the projection vectors chosen for optimal reconstruction may obscure the existence of the separate classes.

It is a difficult problem as there are numerous factors such as 3D pose翻譯社 facial expression, hair style 翻譯公司 make up, etc., which affect the appearance of an individual’s facial features. In addition to these varying factors 翻譯公司 lighting 翻譯公司 background翻譯社 and scale changes make this task even more challenging. Additional problematic conditions include noise, occlusion, and many other possible factors.

編制2的相幹研究論文四篇：In the last decade numerous methods have been proposed to solve this problem 翻譯公司 Tian et al. [9] used the Pseudoinverse method by replacing ... with its pseudoinverse. The Perturbation method is used in [2] and [10]翻譯社 where a small perturbation matrix  is added to SW in order to make it nonsingular. Cheng et al. [11] proposed the Rank Decomposition method based on successive eigendecompositions of the total scatter matrix ST and the between-class scatter matrix SB.

承：相關研究─
Many methods have been proposed for face recognition within the last two decades [1] 翻譯公司 [3]. （提出什麼體式式子都用面前目今現今完成式來表達）

再轉：

下面天成翻譯公司就用一篇2006年頒發在IEEE trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence上面 翻譯一篇文章Discriminative Common Vectors for Face Recognition來跟巨匠做聲名，因為這篇講「臉部辨識」 翻譯文章是長文，導論的部份有點長：

體式款式2的特點/好處：Thus翻譯社 by applying this method 翻譯公司 we find the projection directions that on one hand maximize the Euclidean distance between the face images of different classes and on the other minimize the distance between the face images of the same class. This ratio is maximized when the column vectors of the projection matrix W are the eigenvectors of ....

下面入手下手界說手藝問題：Face recognition can be defined as the identification of individuals from images of their faces by using a stored database of faces labeled with people’s identities.

解決問題的編制1：The Eigenface method has been proposed for finding such a lowerdimensional subspace [5]. The key idea behind the Eigenface method, which uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 翻譯公司 is to find the best set of projection directions in the sample space that will maximize the total scatter across all images such that （數學式子，省略）is maximized. Here翻譯社 ST is the total scatter matrix of the training set samples 翻譯公司 and W is the matrix whose columns are the orthonormal projection vectors. The projection directions are also called the eigenfaces. Any face image in the sample space can be approximated by a linear combination of the significant eigenfaces. The sum of the eigenvalues that correspond to the eigenfaces not used in reconstruction gives the mean square error of reconstruction.

編制描述：This method uses the simultaneous diagonalization method [8]. First翻譯社 the null space of SB is removed and翻譯社 then翻譯社 the projection vectors that minimize the within-class scatter in the transformed space are selected from the range space of SB.

However翻譯社 they did not propose an efficient algorithm for applying this method in the original sample space. Instead翻譯社 a pixel grouping method is applied to extract geometric features and reduce the dimension of the sample space. Then翻譯社 they applied the Null Space method in this new reduced space.

起：問題描寫

臉部辨識為什麼很堅苦，它們遭到哪些成分的影響：This task is complex and can be decomposed into the smaller steps of detection of faces in a cluttered background, localization of these faces followed by extraction of features from the face regions 翻譯公司 and翻譯社 finally翻譯社 recognition and verification [2].

翻譯-> 翻譯社 翻譯社-> 翻譯公司 的-> 翻譯體式式子4：Last, the Direct-LDA method is proposed in [12].

本想再解析其余一篇論文的導論，但篇幅有點太長了，就此打住翻譯