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英文論文寫作經常使用句子
6. HEDGING
The group of 11 words called modals can help you avoid over-generalisation as they express degrees of certainty and possibility, thereby avoiding making statements which claim too much or suggest you know everything about a subject.
The 11 modals are:
CAN MAY COULD MIGHT WILL
WOULD SHALL SHOULD, OUGHT TO MUST NEEDN'T
By far the most useful modal verbs are CAN, MAY, COULD and MIGHT. If you say something IS true you may well be guilty of over-generalisation. If you say something MAY or MIGHT be true you avoid this problem.
- It could/might be said that ....
- It seems/appears ...
- It is generally thought/considered ......
- Some/many people think/believe ......
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7. CITING RESEARCH
- It has been found that
- Research has shown that
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8. MAKING HYPOTHESES
- If翻譯社 then
- Assuming that
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9. STATING CONDITIONS
- Given that
- Provided that
- Granted that
- If it is the case that& then翻譯社
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10. GIVING EXAMPLES
- For example/instance
- In this situation/case
- To illustrate
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11. ADDING INFORMATION
- Again/ besides/ equally important/ in addition/ further/ furthermore/ moreover
- It must also be noted/ remembered that
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12. DISCUSSION MARKERS
- On the one hand翻譯社 on the other hand
- Although it may be true that....however
- Whilst it is generally agreed that
- There exists a contradiction between ..... and
- Those in favour of/ Supporters/Advocates of
- Those opposed to/ Critics of
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13. RE-PHRASING
- In other words
- To put it another way
- That is to say
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14. EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE.
This is used to show more clearly what you think about different points. Do you already use these words? Could you use them more?
Positive adjectives: remarkable, innovative翻譯社 complex, interesting翻譯社 profound, comprehensive翻譯社 powerful, rigorous翻譯社 systematic, useful翻譯社 sensitive, reliable, logical翻譯社
Negative adjectives: flawed, modest, unsatisfactory翻譯社 inadequate, limited, restricted
Nouns: synthesis翻譯社 survey翻譯社 topic, study翻譯社 review, history, concept, area, theme, overview, analysis, system
Verbs: explain, discuss翻譯社 study翻譯社 present, describe, bring into focus, consider翻譯社 explore, illuminate翻譯社 introduce, analyse, constitute
Examples:
- The UNO has published an interesting survey...
- It presents a useful concept...
- However翻譯社 the study is limited in that...
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15. REPEATING
In general, DON'T! Try to organise your writing so that you stick to one point at a time. But if you must, you can use phrases such as:
- To return to an earlier point
- As noted before/above
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16. SUMMING UP
- Briefly, we can say/ it can be said that
- To sum up
- Hence/therefore/accordingly/ consequently
- The evidence suggests, therefore
- In general what this means/ suggests/ indicates is
- It is clear from the above that
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17. CONCLUSION
- To conclude/In conclusion,
Here are suggestions for using words and phrases which could improve your academic writing structure and style significantly.
1. INTRODUCTION
- This essay will deal with the following aspects of the question...
- The aim of this essay is ......
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2. GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE ESSAY CONTENT
- In order to link.... with ....翻譯社 the background to ... will be briefly outlined.
- The first part of the analysis will examine....
- The second part of this analysis will consider...
- The final level of the analysis consists of...
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3. MAKING A POINT
- It is clear/ noticeable that...
- It is necessary/ important/ useful/ interesting/to note/point out/ highlight/ emphasise that
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4. EMPHASIS MARKERS show clearly what you think is most important but allow you to avoid personal language such as 'I think'
Adjectives: main, crucial, important, significant, key, essential
Verbs: to emphasise, to summarise, to focus翻譯社 to highlight
Examples:
- The key aspect of this argument is
- The most crucial point made so far
- It is worth noting that
- Another relevant point is that
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5. INTRODUCING A NEW IDEA
- Turning now to the question of
- Bearing in mind the previous points,
- Having considered (X)
- With regard to
- As far as ....... is concerned ___________________________________________
引用自: http://blog.sina.com.tw/snapshot/article.php?entryid=582056有關各國語文翻譯公證的問題歡迎諮詢天成翻譯公司02-77260931
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